Mode of action of Calcium in reducing macrocracking of sweet cherry fruit

15 May 2024
890

Rain cracking (hereinafter macrocracking) severely impacts production of sweet cherry. Rain shelters are effective in decreasing fruit cracking. However, rain shelters are expensive and occasionally cannot be erected because of topography or tree architecture.

Foliar applications of Calcium (Ca) salts on maturing fruit are inexpensive and the application technology is readily available on most farms. Calcium (Ca) sprays are sometimes said to reduce macrocracking but reported responses in the scientific literature to Ca sprays are variable and inconsistent. It is believed that Ca effects on macrocracking are osmotic effects on water uptake.

This, however, can be excluded. The osmotic potential of Ca solutions barely exceeds 10% of the fruits’ water potential. This corresponds to a decrease in water uptake of less than 10% - an effect that would hardly be noticeable under field conditions. The objective of our study therefore was to identify the physiological mechanism through which Ca reduces macrocracking in sweet cherry fruit.

Six spray applications of 50 mM CaCl2 had no effect on macrocracking (assessed in a standardised immersion assay) despite a 28% increase in the Ca/dry mass ratio. Similarly, in another experiment, there was no effect of up to nine Ca sprays on macrocracking, although the Ca/dry mass ratio increased up to +19% as the number of applications increased.

Applications began as early as two weeks after petal fall. In contrast, CaClspray applications during simulated rain in a fog chamber significantly reduced the proportion of macrocracked fruit. Also, immersion of fruit in CaCl2 decreased macrocracking in a concentration-dependent manner.

Monitoring macrocrack extension of sweet cherries submerged in different CaCl2 solutions using time laps photography, and image analysis allowed a rate of extension of a macrocrack to be quantified. The rate of macrocrack extension decreased markedly as the CaCl2 concentration in the solution increased.

This effect was significant at concentrations as low as 1 mM CaCl2. In addition, CaClmaintained integrity of the plasma membranes. It decreased the swelling of cell walls thereby improving cell-to-cell adhesion. This effect resulted in increased skin stiffness and fracture force that all contributed to the decrease in macrocracking.

There was no effect of CaCl2 on the rate of cuticle deposition. Recently, it was claimed that Ca increases cuticle deposition. This finding, however, was based on microscopy and resulted from an artefact caused by strain relaxation.

Our results demonstrate that multiple spray applications of CaCl2 (and most likely of other Ca-salts too) may be effective in increasing the Ca dry mass ratio, but not effective in decreasing fruit macrocracking. To be effective in reducing macrocracking, the Ca ions must come into direct contact with an extending microcrack that later deepens and develops into a macrocrack and begins to propagate.

Direct contact of Ca and cell wall can be achieved by applying Ca to a wet fruit surface either by spraying on wet fruit or by incubation in solutions containing CaCl2. Under these circumstances, Ca has direct access to the cell wall at the tip of a macrocrack. The improved cross linking of the cell wall constituents at the tip of an extending macrocrack then reduces the rate of crack extension and thereby cracking

The full paper was published in: Winkler, A., Bunger, P., Lang, P.M., Schumann, C., Brüggenwirth, M., Knoche, M. 2024. Mode of action of Calcium in reducing macrocracking of sweet cherry fruit. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 149(2):61-74. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05354-23

Andreas Winkler, Pia Bunger, Paula Morales Lang, Christine Schumann, Martin Brüggenwirth, and Moritz Knoche
Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Hannover, Germany


Cherry Times - All rights reserved

What to read next

What strategies for modern fruit rot control?

Tech management

07 Aug 2024

They noticed this during the last few seasons in Chile, in which dry and humid years alternated. What was seen was that during dry springs Alternaria dominates, while when springs are wet, Botrytis is the predominant pathogen.

New tests for Bloom Fresh: new trials in Chile, Peru and Brazil for early and low-chill requirement varieties

Breeding Production Varieties

02 Nov 2023

They will invest in tests in Arica, a northern region of Chile bordering Peru, and also in Brazil, where a professional, Bloom Fresh, will start exploring alliances to look for areas that can produce these fruits.

In evidenza

Native cherry trees better support local moths in Massachusetts landscapes

Crop protection

01 Jul 2025

A scientific study confirms native moths thrive best on cherry trees native to Massachusetts. Non-native species slow growth and raise mortality in larvae. Native trees are crucial for preserving biodiversity and supporting birds and insects in gardens and cities.

How genetics shapes cherry flavor: from sweet sorbitol to tart malic acid

Breeding

01 Jul 2025

Researchers from Clemson University and Spain’s CITA discovered the genetic basis of sweetness and acidity in sweet cherries. With QTL mapping and haplotype analysis, breeders can now develop better-tasting, more stable varieties tailored to consumer preferences in Europe.

Tag Popolari